The pharmaceutical landscape in Nigeria has a history dating back to the pre-colonial era with the establishment of subsidiaries by multinational European companies.1

While the current manufacturing sector is largely focused on producing generic medicines with active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients primarily imported from nations like India and China, the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry, estimated to be worth over $1.4 billion with the potential to reach $4 billion by 2026, holds significant promise for growth and innovation.1

Within this evolving sector, Nigerian pharmacists are playing an increasingly pivotal role in driving groundbreaking advancements. Beyond the traditional roles of dispensing medications, these professionals are at the forefront of research, development, and the implementation of innovative solutions to address the nation’s healthcare needs.2

This report aims to shed light on five remarkable pharmaceutical innovations spearheaded by Nigerian pharmacists that may not be widely known. These examples underscore the ingenuity and dedication within the Nigerian pharmaceutical community to improve healthcare outcomes and contribute to global pharmaceutical knowledge.

One crucial aspect of the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry is its historical reliance on imported active pharmaceutical ingredients and finished products, which creates vulnerabilities in medicine security and susceptibility to disruptions in the global supply chain.1

This dependence was particularly evident during unforeseen global events like the COVID-19 pandemic.5 Consequently, innovations that bolster local production and promote self-sufficiency are of paramount importance for safeguarding national health. Furthermore, there is a discernible trend among Nigerian pharmacists to expand their engagement beyond traditional pharmacy practices, increasingly venturing into research and development, drug discovery, and shaping healthcare policy.2 This evolution signifies a growing recognition of the pharmacist’s multifaceted expertise and potential to contribute to pharmaceutical innovation in Nigeria. The following sections will delve into five specific examples that exemplify this spirit of innovation and its impact on healthcare.

Table 1: Overview of Groundbreaking Nigerian Pharmaceutical Innovations

The Legacy of Niprisan: Nigeria’s Herbal Solution for Sickle Cell Disease

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) poses a significant health burden in Nigeria, which records the highest number of malaria cases globally and relies solely on domestically manufactured sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.12 In response to this challenge, the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) developed Niprisan, now commercially known as Niclovix, as a management option for sickle cell disorders.7 This innovative drug is a phytochemical formulation derived from four indigenous Nigerian plants, drawing upon the rich tradition of Yoruba medicine.11 The specific plants utilized in this formulation are the seeds of Piper guineense, the stem of Pterocarpus osun, the fruit of Eugenia caryophyllus, and the leaves of Sorghum bicolor.7 The journey of Niprisan began when a local reverend, Paul Ogunyale, brought a traditional remedy used within his congregation for sickle cell anemia to the attention of NIPRD in 1992.30

Following its discovery, Niprisan underwent rigorous scientific validation, including preclinical and clinical trials conducted within Nigeria.11 These studies demonstrated that Niprisan significantly reduced the frequency of sickle cell crises and the severe pain associated with them.32 Notably, the drug exhibited a low toxicity profile in comparison to other treatments available for SCD.34 The potential of Niprisan was further recognized internationally when the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted it Orphan Drug Designation, a status reserved for drugs intended to treat rare diseases.10 The primary mechanism through which Niprisan exerts its therapeutic effects involves inhibiting the polymerization of sickle hemoglobin, the underlying cause of red blood cell sickling in SCD.38

The commercialization of Niprisan as Niclovix involved partnerships with both Xechem Pharmaceuticals and later May & Baker Nigeria.7 Despite the initial promise, the journey to widespread availability faced challenges and setbacks, including issues related to funding and manufacturing.30 However, Niclovix is currently available in Nigeria and is reportedly being used in over 40 countries, signifying its impact on sickle cell disease management globally.7 The development of Niprisan serves as a compelling example of the potential inherent in integrating traditional medicinal knowledge, passed down through generations, with the rigor of modern pharmaceutical research and development within Nigeria.10 While Niprisan’s journey highlights a successful model, the hurdles encountered during its commercialization also underscore the broader complexities of bringing pharmaceutical innovations to market in Africa. These challenges often include securing consistent funding, establishing robust manufacturing processes, and forging effective partnerships to ensure widespread access to these vital medicines.30 Ongoing research continues to explore the potential of other phytomedicines for the treatment of SCD in Nigeria, building upon the foundation laid by Niprisan.11

Niprimune: An Indigenous Approach to a Global Pandemic

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 triggered a global race to identify effective treatments and preventive measures.14 In response to this unprecedented health crisis, the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) in Nigeria swiftly initiated efforts to develop indigenous solutions. This led to the rapid development of Niprimune, an immunomodulatory phytomedicine, identified as a potential adjunct therapy for managing COVID-19 patients.7 This development was undertaken under the directive of the Federal Government, highlighting the urgency and national importance of finding solutions to the pandemic.7 Niprimune subsequently received approval from the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) for public use, classified as an immune booster.7 The formulation of Niprimune is based on a plant known as Andrographis paniculata, which has been studied for its potential medicinal properties.13

The scientific rationale behind Niprimune’s development centers on its potential to act as an immunomodulatory agent, meaning it can help regulate and enhance the body’s immune system.14 This property is particularly relevant for individuals with underlying health conditions or compromised immune systems, who are known to be more susceptible to severe complications from COVID-19.15 While Niprimune has shown promise and has undergone preclinical testing, further research, including human clinical trials, is necessary to fully ascertain its efficacy in treating COVID-19.13 Interestingly, Andrographis paniculata, the active ingredient in Niprimune, has also garnered attention in other parts of the world for its potential role in managing COVID-19, with countries like Thailand approving its use for this purpose.52 It is crucial to note the distinction between Niprimune as an immune booster and a confirmed cure for COVID-19. Fact-checking reports have clarified that while Niprimune can legally be sold as an immune-boosting product, claims of it being a cure for COVID-19 require further rigorous clinical validation.13

The swift development of Niprimune underscores Nigeria’s inherent capacity for pharmaceutical research and development, especially when confronted with urgent public health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic.14 Despite existing limitations, such as inadequate funding for research, NIPRD was able to rapidly identify and formulate a potential therapeutic agent. However, the challenges encountered by NIPRD in securing the necessary funding to advance Niprimune through the crucial stages of clinical trials highlight a persistent need for increased and sustained investment in pharmaceutical research and development within Nigeria.7 Beyond the development of Niprimune, NIPRD played a broader role in Nigeria’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic by providing internationally recognized scientific analysis and guidance, contributing significantly to the national and global understanding of the disease and potential therapeutic approaches.14

Setting Global Standards: Swipha’s WHO Prequalification and the Fight Against Malaria

Swiss Pharma Nigeria Limited (Swipha) stands as a prominent pharmaceutical manufacturer in Nigeria, committed to delivering high-quality healthcare solutions.17 A significant milestone for Swipha, and indeed for the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry, was its achievement in becoming the first manufacturer in Nigeria to obtain prequalification from the World Health Organization (WHO) for Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) tablets.17 SP is a crucial medication for the prevention of malaria, particularly in pregnant women and young children, who are most vulnerable to the disease.17 Securing WHO prequalification is a rigorous process that demands adherence to stringent international standards of quality, safety, and efficacy in pharmaceutical product development and manufacturing.17 Swipha undertook a detailed process involving extensive research and development, meticulous product formulation, and comprehensive bioequivalence studies to meet these demanding criteria.17 This accomplishment was realized with the technical support of Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and financial backing from Unitaid, highlighting the power of collaborative efforts in addressing global health challenges.17

Adding to its list of achievements, Swipha also became the first manufacturer in the entire West African region to receive WHO prequalification for Zinc Sulphate 20mg dispersible tablets.18 Zinc Sulphate, used in conjunction with oral rehydration therapy, is a vital intervention for treating diarrheal diseases, a leading cause of mortality among children under five years old.18 These WHO prequalifications hold immense significance for improving access to quality-assured essential medicines not only in Nigeria but also across the West African sub-region and potentially on a global scale.17 Given Nigeria’s high malaria burden and its reliance on domestically manufactured SP, Swipha’s prequalification for this drug is particularly impactful.17 Similarly, the prequalification of Zinc Sulphate will contribute significantly to reducing child mortality associated with diarrheal diseases.18 The journey towards achieving these global standards was supported by collaborations with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), underscoring the importance of international partnerships in strengthening pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity in Africa.18

Swipha’s attainment of WHO prequalification represents a substantial leap forward in bolstering local pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities within Nigeria, thereby diminishing the nation’s over-reliance on imported medicines.17 By successfully navigating the rigorous WHO prequalification process, Swipha has demonstrated that Nigerian pharmaceutical companies possess the expertise and commitment to meet stringent international quality benchmarks, paving the way for increased domestic production of essential, high-quality medicines. Furthermore, the collaborative nature of Swipha’s achievement, involving partnerships with global health organizations like WHO, MMV, and Unitaid, as well as development agencies such as USAID, underscores the vital role of such collaborations in advancing pharmaceutical innovation and enhancing access to crucial medicines in developing countries.17 Pharmacists within Swipha, including key figures like Abbas Sambo, the Business Development & Licensing Director, played a crucial role in spearheading the efforts that led to this significant prequalification, highlighting the expertise and leadership of Nigerian pharmacists in achieving global pharmaceutical standards.17

Simplifying Cardiovascular Care: Pharmacist Olalekan Kehinde’s Innovative Pill

Polypharmacy, the use of multiple medications by a single patient, poses significant challenges in managing chronic health conditions, particularly cardiovascular diseases, in Nigeria.20 To address this issue, Pharmacist Olalekan Kehinde spearheaded a groundbreaking initiative that resulted in the registration of Nigeria’s first cardiovascular triple therapy single-pill combination under the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS).20 This innovative approach simplifies complex treatment regimens by combining three different medications, typically used to manage hypertension or other cardiovascular conditions, into a single pill.20 By reducing the number of pills a patient needs to take daily, this innovation has the potential to significantly decrease medication errors and substantially improve medication adherence among millions of Nigerians living with cardiovascular diseases.20

Pharmacist Olalekan Kehinde’s significant contribution to healthcare was recognized at the 2nd Abuja Cardiovascular Symposium, where he received accolades for his efforts in driving this pharmaceutical advancement.20 The registration of this triple therapy single-pill combination under the NHIS is a crucial step towards enhancing access to quality medication and promoting healthcare equity within Nigeria.20 By streamlining treatment plans, this therapy not only makes it easier for patients to manage their conditions but also has the potential to alleviate the financial burden associated with purchasing multiple medications. Olalekan Kehinde’s initiative exemplifies the evolving and increasingly vital role of pharmacists in addressing healthcare delivery challenges and fostering innovation in patient care, extending far beyond the traditional role of simply dispensing medications.6 His work demonstrates a proactive approach to identifying and solving critical healthcare issues through pharmaceutical innovation. The inclusion of this single-pill combination under the NHIS signifies a positive stride towards making essential cardiovascular therapies more readily available and affordable to a broader segment of the Nigerian population.20 This coverage by the national health insurance scheme will likely reduce out-of-pocket expenses for patients, thereby improving access to necessary care. Beyond this specific innovation, Kehinde has also been actively involved in raising public awareness about the potential risks associated with polypharmacy through a nationwide outreach campaign, further demonstrating his commitment to improving pharmaceutical safety and patient-centered care in Nigeria.20

Pioneering Research for Better Health: The Contributions of Professor Peace Babalola

Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is a highly esteemed figure in Nigerian pharmaceutical science, serving as a Professor of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics at the University of Ibadan.22 Her research contributions have been extensive and impactful, spanning several critical areas of pharmaceutical science. Notably, she has made significant strides in understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) in the Nigerian population, investigating how drugs are processed by the body and their effects, with the aim of optimizing dosage regimens for better therapeutic outcomes.22 Her work in pharmacogenetics has been equally pioneering, exploring how genetic variations among Nigerians influence their responses to various drugs, including commonly used medications like antimalarials and antibiotics.22 This research is crucial for the development of more personalized and effective drug therapies tailored to the genetic makeup of the Nigerian population. Furthermore, Professor Babalola’s research has identified significant drug-drug interactions, such as those occurring between certain antimalarial and antibiotic drugs, providing valuable insights that can inform drug dosage adjustments and improve patient safety.22

Beyond her individual research endeavors, Professor Babalola played a pivotal role in establishing the Centre for Drug Discovery Development and Production (CDDDP) at the University of Ibadan.22 This significant achievement was made possible through a highly competitive MacArthur Foundation grant that she secured in 2012.22 The primary goal of the CDDDP is to build and enhance capacity for drug discovery, development, and production within Nigeria and the broader African continent, fostering indigenous pharmaceutical innovation.23 Professor Babalola’s contributions to science have been widely recognized through numerous prestigious awards, fellowships, and honors, solidifying her position as a leading scientific figure in Nigeria and across Africa.22

Professor Babalola’s extensive research in pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics is of paramount importance for a deeper understanding of how medications behave within the Nigerian population. This knowledge is fundamental to the development of more personalized and effective medication therapies, taking into account the genetic and physiological specificities of Nigerians.22 Drug metabolism and efficacy can vary significantly across different ethnic groups due to genetic factors. Professor Babalola’s dedicated work directly addresses these variations within the Nigerian context, contributing to the safer and more efficacious use of medications. Furthermore, her visionary leadership in establishing the CDDDP at the University of Ibadan represents a monumental contribution to strengthening pharmaceutical research capacity and promoting indigenous drug discovery and development in Nigeria.22 By creating a dedicated center focused on these critical areas, Professor Babalola is not only conducting impactful research herself but is also playing a vital role in training and mentoring the next generation of pharmaceutical scientists in Nigeria, ensuring a sustainable future for pharmaceutical innovation in the country.

Conclusion: A Bright Future for Nigerian Pharmaceutical Innovation

In conclusion, the five innovations highlighted in this report – the development of Niprisan/Niclovix for sickle cell disease, Niprimune as a potential COVID-19 adjunct therapy, Swipha’s WHO prequalification for essential malaria and diarrhea medications, Pharmacist Olalekan Kehinde’s cardiovascular triple therapy single-pill combination, and Professor Peace Babalola’s extensive research contributions – collectively underscore the significant and often underrecognized contributions of Nigerian pharmacists to pharmaceutical innovation. These examples illustrate a strong commitment to leveraging local resources, addressing the specific healthcare challenges prevalent in Nigeria, and striving to meet rigorous global standards in pharmaceutical care. Nigerian pharmacists are demonstrably at the forefront of driving these advancements through dedicated research, innovative development, enhanced manufacturing capabilities, and impactful clinical practice.

The underlying themes that connect these diverse innovations include the harnessing of Nigeria’s rich biodiversity for therapeutic solutions, the proactive response to public health crises, the pursuit of international quality standards, and the commitment to improving patient access to essential and affordable medicines. These achievements highlight the ingenuity and perseverance within the Nigerian pharmaceutical community. While the examples discussed in this report are undoubtedly significant, they likely represent just a glimpse of the broader landscape of ongoing pharmaceutical innovation being driven by Nigerian pharmacists across the nation.1 The research material points to various other research activities, collaborations between academia and industry, and supportive policy initiatives aimed at strengthening the pharmaceutical sector.8 This suggests a vibrant and dynamic research environment with considerable potential for future discoveries and advancements. Moving forward, sustained investment in research and development, the implementation of supportive policies that foster innovation, and the cultivation of strong collaborative partnerships will be crucial in enabling Nigerian pharmacists to continue shaping healthcare outcomes both within Nigeria and on the global stage. The future of pharmaceutical innovation in Nigeria appears promising, with Nigerian pharmacists poised to play an increasingly influential role in addressing healthcare needs and contributing to the global body of pharmaceutical knowledge.

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